The Revered Chinese Calendar
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大家好!(I feel great to be here again!) This is the second article on the Chinese New Year series. In the last article, we learned how to greet Chinese during the New Year and how to appreciate the Spring Couplets. Today we will look at the Chinese calendar, which is more in tune with the natural rhythm of the universe and the earth compared to the regular calendar. We will mainly talk about the Chinese numerals and the Solar terms, the 24 points in the Chinese calendar that match particular astronomical events and signify some natural phenomenon, followed by how the Chinese use the calendar as guidance for their agricultural activities and celebrations. We will have fun!
First, the Chinese calendar, or 农历/nóng lì/, is a lunar calendar which arranges the year, month and day numbers based upon the astronomical date. It is also called 旧历/jiù lì/ or 阴历/ yīn lì/. In the Chinese calendar, the months begin on the day with the dark moon and end on the day before the next dark moon. There are 29 or 30 days in a month. A Month with 30 days is referred to as a long month (大月), and a month with 29 days is referred to as a short month (小月). Surprisingly,the Chinese calendar is not the official calendar of China, but it is no less important than the regular calendar: it determines the date for the Chinese traditional holidays. It also decides other things such as when to get married,have a funeral, when to open a business, or when to relocate.
In the Chinese calendar, the dates are normalized to two characters. The basic Chinese numerals are:
一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十。
yī , èr , sān , sì , wǔ , liù , qī , bā , jiǔ , shí .
The first 10 days in a month are: 初一、初二、初三、初四、初五、初六、初七、初八、初九、初十。初 /chū/ means the beginning. The first 10 days is also known as the fore xún (上旬).
The next 10 days in the month are: 十一、十二、十三、十四、十五、十六、十七、十八、十九、二十。Like arabic numerals, double digits are simply two numbers side by side with the tens digit on the left and the single unit digit on the right. 十一/shí yī/ represents the number 11. 二十/èr shí/ is the Chinese character for 20 and is often written as 廿 /niàn/ to make sure the numbers from 21 to 29 are still two characters. These middle 10 days is called the mid xún(中旬).
The last 10 days in the month are: 廿一、廿二、廿三、廿四、廿五、廿六、廿七、廿八、廿九、(三十)。三十 represents the number 30. These last 9 or 10 days is the back xún(下旬).
The solar terms, or 节气/jié qì/, are important components of the Chinese calendar. The solar terms are any of the 24 points in Chinese calendars that are spaced 15° apart along the ecliptic and are used to stay synchronized with the seasons. The solar terms are crucial for China which is traditionally an agrarian society. In the solar terms map below, the four seasons are marked clockwise with shades of green, red, yellow and blue:
The List of Solar Terms
Longitude |
Translation |
Chinese Name |
Date |
Explanation |
315° |
start of spring |
立春 lì chūn |
Feb 4 |
|
330° |
rain water |
雨水yǔ shuǐ |
Feb 19 |
more rain than snow |
345° |
awakening of insects |
惊蛰jīng zhé |
Mar 6 |
Hibernating insects start to waken from their winter sleep |
0° |
vernal equinox |
春分chūn fēn |
Mar 21 |
The day when daytime and night are of approximately equal duration |
15° |
clear and bright |
清明qīng míng |
Apr 5 |
The whole earth now welcomes the spring and it is also a time for tending graves |
30° |
grain rain |
谷雨gǔ yǔ |
Apr 20 |
More and more rain which helps grain grow |
45° |
start of summer |
立夏lì xià |
May 6 |
|
60° |
grain full |
小满xiǎo mǎn |
May 21 |
Grains are plump |
75° |
grain in ear |
芒种máng zhòng |
Jun 6 |
Awns (beard of grain) grow |
90° |
summer solstice |
夏至xià zhì |
Jun 21 |
Summer extreme (of sun's height) |
105° |
minor heat |
小暑xiǎo shǔ |
Jul 7 |
|
120° |
major heat |
大暑 dà shǔ |
Jul 23 |
|
135° |
start of autumn |
立秋lì qiū |
Aug 8 |
|
150° |
limit of heat |
处暑chǔ shǔ |
Aug 23 |
The end of the heat |
165° |
white dew |
白露 bái lù |
Sep 8 |
Condensed moisture makes dew white |
180° |
antumnal equinox |
秋分qiū fēn |
Sep 23 |
Autumn division (or center) |
195° |
cold dew |
寒露hán lù |
Oct 8 |
|
210° |
frost descent |
霜降shuāng jiàng |
Oct 23 |
Appearance of frost and descent of temperature |
225° |
start of winter |
立冬lì dōng |
Nov 7 |
|
240° |
minor snow |
小雪xiǎo xuě |
Nov 22 |
|
255° |
major snow |
大雪dà xuě |
Dec 7 |
|
270° |
winter solstice |
冬至dōng zhì |
Dec 22 |
Winter extreme (of sun's height) |
285° |
minor cold |
小寒xiǎo hán |
Jan 6 |
|
300° |
major cold |
大寒dà hán |
Jan 20 |
|
Folks created the “the song of Solar Terms” for easy memory.
The first four sentences are the 24 solar terms connected in order, each represented by one word in their name. There are two solar terms in each month and the dates of these solar terms are generally consistent, with only 1 or 2 days of deviation at most. In the first half of the year, the dates of the solar terms fall on the sixth or the 21st day of the month; and in the latter half of the year, the dates of the solar terms fall on the eighth or the 23rd of the month.
On the Chinese calendar, when it is the date of a solar term or a traditional holiday, the Chinese numeral is replaced by the solar term or the holiday. For example, 立春 and 春节 in 2015 replace the regular numeral characters.
Okay, I hope you learned something about what actually governs the life rhythm of the Chinese people. We do believe in science and are a rational people, but if the calendar says it is no good to get married today, we may very likely obey the calendar and get married tomorrow. Next time, we will continue our Chinese New Year journey and look at what people do and eat in the most festive time of the year. 下次再见啦!
Bibliography
二十四节气表 http://www.zolsky.com/read/zhougongjiemeng/ershisijieqibiao/2013nian24jieqibiao.htm
Chinese Calendar: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar
Solar Terms: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_term